Structured logging, định dạng log và best practice

2026-11-07 14:21:19 ERROR checkout payment failed for order ord_1001 after 5 s

{"timestamp": "2026-11-07T14:21:19.773+00:00", "level": "error", "logger": "checkout", "message": "payment failed", "order_id": "ord_1001", "error.type": "TimeoutError", "error.message": "payment provider did not answer in 5 s"}

import json
import logging
from datetime import datetime, timezone


class JsonFormatter(logging.Formatter):
    def format(self, record):
        entry = {
            "timestamp": datetime.fromtimestamp(record.created, timezone.utc).isoformat(
                timespec="milliseconds"
            ),
            "level": record.levelname.lower(),
            "logger": record.name,
            "message": record.getMessage(),
            **getattr(record, "fields", {}),
        }
        if record.exc_info:
            entry["error.type"] = record.exc_info[0].__name__
            entry["error.message"] = str(record.exc_info[1])
        return json.dumps(entry)


handler = logging.StreamHandler()
handler.setFormatter(JsonFormatter())
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, handlers=[handler])
logger = logging.getLogger("checkout")

logger.info("order created", extra={"fields": {"order_id": "ord_1001", "total_cents": 4200}})
try:
    raise TimeoutError("payment provider did not answer in 5 s")
except TimeoutError:
    logger.error("payment failed", exc_info=True, extra={"fields": {"order_id": "ord_1001"}})

{"timestamp": "2026-11-07T14:21:19.772+00:00", "level": "info", "logger": "checkout", "message": "order created", "order_id": "ord_1001", "total_cents": 4200}
{"timestamp": "2026-11-07T14:21:19.773+00:00", "level": "error", "logger": "checkout", "message": "payment failed", "order_id": "ord_1001", "error.type": "TimeoutError", "error.message": "payment provider did not answer in 5 s"}

logbrew read logs --severity error --since 24h --json
logbrew read logs --search "payment failed" --service checkout-api --since 24h --json
logbrew read logs --trace "<trace_id>" --since 24h --json